In accordance with China`s policy of affirmative action towards ethnic minorities, all non-Han ethnic groups are subject to different laws and were generally allowed to have two children in urban areas and three or four in rural areas. Han Chinese living in rural cities were also allowed to have two children. [50] Because of these couples, as well as those who simply paid a fine (or „social support fee”) for having more children,[51] mainland China`s total fertility rate was nearly 1.4 children per woman in 2011. [52] „Doctors injected poison directly into the baby`s skull to kill him,” Chen says, relying on footage he made of interviews with hundreds of women and their families in Linyi. „Other doctors would artificially induce the work. But some babies were alive when they were born and started crying. Doctors strangled or drowned these babies. The new law includes other measures to promote births, such as encouraging places of parental leave for married couples who „give birth to children in accordance with laws and regulations.” The law already provides for extended maternity leave and other social benefits for these couples. (Art. 25.) Politics permeates Chinese society in other, sometimes unexpected, ways. Because many preferred a son to a daughter, orphanages saw an increase in the number of girls abandoned or abandoned for adoption. Single`s Day, China`s largest online shopping party – similar to Black Friday in the United States – is a recognition of the many singles who can`t find partners in a gendered society. In the past, China has promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies, but the government has withdrawn from these policies, as evidenced by China`s ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which requires the country to significantly reform its genetic testing laws.
[145] Most recent [When?] The research also highlighted the need to understand a variety of complex social relationships that influence the importance of informed consent in China. [146] In addition, China revised its marriage registration rules in 2003 and couples no longer need to undergo physical or genetic testing before marriage before receiving a marriage certificate. [147] Under the new section 18 of the law, every married couple in China can now have up to three children. The rest of the article remains unchanged and stipulates that more children may be admitted if the conditions laid down in laws and regulations are met, and that detailed implementing measures are formulated by people`s congresses at the provincial level. Children board a toy train at a beijing shopping mall on October 30, 2015. China`s decision to abolish its one-child policy has offered some relief to couples and sellers of baby products, but the government has not completely lifted birth limits. Andy Wong/AP Hide the legend Several research studies have also found that sex-selective abortion — in which a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby and then aborts it if it`s a girl — has been widely used for years, especially for second or subsequent children. Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s. China banned sex-selective abortions in 2005, but the law is difficult to enforce because it is difficult to prove why a couple chose to abort. Leaving and killing girls has also been reported, although recent research studies say so have become rare, in part due to strict criminal prohibitions. [30] Long-term inequality has led to a significant gender imbalance or gender imbalance.
As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China has between 32 and 36 million more men than one would normally expect, which has led to social problems. „Due to a traditional preference for boys over girls, the one-child policy is often cited as the cause of the distortion of the gender ratio in China […] Even the government recognizes the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who will not be able to find wives and may turn to the abduction of women, sex trafficking, other forms of crime or social unrest. [30] The situation will not improve in the near future. According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, by 2020, there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age. [95] Abolition may not bring significant benefits, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation`s analysis has shown: „However, the repeal of the one-child policy cannot trigger a huge baby boom, in part because birth rates are believed to fall even without the application of the policy. Previous cuts in the one-child policy have led to fewer births than expected, and many among China`s younger generations consider smaller families to be ideal. [30] The CNN reporter adds that China`s new prosperity is also a factor in the decline in the birth rate,[76] stating, „Couples naturally choose to have fewer children when they move from the fields to the cities, become more educated, and when women build careers outside the home. [79] Chen, the lawyer, filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of Linyi`s wives. The trial led to an apology from the Linyi authorities and a reduction in abductions, beatings and forced abortions. In 2012, Chen escaped by climbing a wall and running to the next village, even though he was blind and had broken his foot during the escape. There he was picked up by partisans and taken to the U.S.
Embassy in Beijing. He was able to fly to the United States after weeks of tense negotiations. He now lives in Maryland with his family. While lessons can be learned from the misadventure of one-child policies, the importance of voluntary family planning services in reducing and preventing unplanned childbearing, and in particular in improving the lives of women and children and improving gender equality, should be recognized. Access to safe and voluntary family planning services is a fundamental human right. The rapid decline in fertility in China and around the world over the past half century would not have been possible without family planning services. Even in China, the government began to recognize the central role of women in reproductive decisions and began paying attention to the quality of family planning services in the 1990s. With the end of the one-child policy, there is a clear and urgent need for rehabilitation of China`s family planning and health apparatus to enable couples to make informed decisions about their fertility. China should continue to provide free and safe access to voluntary family planning services and continue to focus on women`s quality and reproductive health.
Unlike the hasty launch of the one-child policy in 1980, which was primarily a policy decision based on an insufficient understanding of demography and society, researchers played a much more active and meaningful role in calling for change to end the policy. Scientists from China`s leading population research institutions formed an academic team in 2001. Their studies on China`s new demographic realities and the harmful consequences of continuing the ill-conceived one-child policy, and their three collective calls for Chinese policymakers to relax and end the one-child policy in April 2004, January 2009 and, most recently, January 2015, served as a basis for political debates in China. Their efforts, along with those of many other sectors of society, have informed the public about China`s new demographics and corrected the many misconceptions about population growth and the reasons for the one-child policy. A child walks near government propaganda, one of which reads „1.3 billion people united” on the streets of Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 8, 2016. Ng Han Guan/AP Hide the legend Her job at a nearby cannery refuses to hire her full-time, she says, because she is a mother of three and has to leave every afternoon to pick up her son from school. China`s birth rate continued to decline, from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 (already a sharp decline of more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.5 in the mid-1990s. Some scientists claim that this decline is similar to that seen in other places where there were no restrictions on a child, such as Thailand, as well as the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, a claim that is supposed to support the argument that China`s fertility could have fallen to such a level anyway without draconian fertility restrictions. [10] [83] [13] [84] Finally, the authorities responded to their complaints.