In the early 1990s, four hundred thousand American girls under the age of eighteen gave birth. This was twice as many as in other developed countries. The estimated economic and social costs of adolescent birth are presented and compared to the strengths and weaknesses of specific policies and programmes aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy and birth. In this anthology, eight chapters deal with issues related to teenage pregnancy, such as mental health; biological determinants; Fatherhood; lesbian, gay and bisexual teenage pregnancy; etc. In addition, thirty-one chapters deal with major differences in how teenage pregnancies in different countries around the world are perceived. In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of U.S. teens, 29 percent of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33 percent of sexually active teens said they were „in a relationship where they felt things were going too fast sexually,” and 24 percent had „done something sexual, that they didn`t really want to do.” [66] Several surveys have shown that peer pressure is a factor that encourages girls and boys to have sex. [67] [68] The increase in adolescent sexual activity is manifested by an increase in teenage pregnancies and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. There are essentially two main views and explanations for teenage pregnancy, and these views are contradictory. The first is that teenage pregnancy is a serious problem that requires prevention and intervention.
The other is the view, expressed by Upadhya and Ellen in 2011, that teenage pregnancy is a problem of social inequality. Johnson 2014 discusses the link between teenage pregnancy and poverty. Banerjee et al., 2009, argue that this is a social health hazard. Rich-Edwards in 2002 and Lawlor and Shaw in 2002 made a similar point that teenage pregnancy in the United States is not a public health crisis. Nevertheless, Chambers et al., 2001, identify gender, cultural and service needs to reduce societal harm. A good example of the perspective of the problem is explained by Holgate 2012. As a problem, teenage pregnancy is seen as something that needs to be controlled and managed. As a health issue, safety comes first, followed closely by adolescent developmental issues. Independently of their own statement, Calvin et al. 2009 discuss the right of adolescent parents to participate in decisions that affect their families and children and children.
Of course, in Linders and Bogard 2014 and Duncan et al. 2010, there is a real conflict about teenage parenting. Yet the reality is that adolescent girls, especially young girls who become pregnant, are at risk of physical complications due to the immaturity of their bodies. This is especially problematic with child brides. Getting pregnant at too young an age carries many risks and physical problems. Given the social context, even older teens can face daunting opportunities when trying to raise their child(ren). The challenge for professionals is to respect the human rights of the adolescent and meet their physical and emotional needs as they approach adulthood. To improve teen pregnancy outcomes, Montgomery et al. 2014 address the issue through legislation. Macleod 2014 suggests that the issues can be better understood and addressed as a feminist issue. A teenage pregnancy, as defined by the American Pregnancy Association, is a pregnancy that occurs for a woman under the age of 20. Although she is not technically a teenager, a young woman under the age of 12 who is pregnant also falls into this definition of teenage pregnancy.
With more than 200,000 babies born to teenagers in the United States, teen pregnancy or teen pregnancy is not uncommon. However, this does not prevent teenage girls from feeling discouraged by their pregnancy, especially if it was not planned. This chapter presents a holistic view of teenage pregnancy that compares developed and developing countries in terms of attitudes, perspectives and approaches to dealing with teenage pregnancy. Key findings: The more educational, vocational and economic opportunities adolescent girls have, the more likely they are to delay pregnancy and childbirth. A comprehensive program to reduce recurrent teenage pregnancies is described. The results have been encouraging. Among participants, there was a significant reduction in repeated teenage pregnancies over several years. A team of researchers and educators in California has published a list of „best practices” for teen pregnancy prevention, which, in addition to the aforementioned concepts, includes work on „believing in a prosperous future,” engaging men in the prevention process, and designing culturally relevant interventions. [117] Precursors believed to be associated with adolescent sexual initiation, contraceptive use, and pregnancy were examined in this study. Precursors such as the demographic development of youth, their partners, peers, families, schools and communities were among the hundreds of possible precursors examined. Risk factors for teenage pregnancy are associated with many factors, including a family history of teenage pregnancy. This research examines whether the birth of a teenage girl or the teenage pregnancy of an older sister is more predictive of teenage pregnancy.
Adolescent births have health implications; Children are more likely to be born prematurely, have lower birth weight, and higher neonatal mortality, while mothers are more likely to suffer from postpartum depression and less likely to start breastfeeding [1, 2]. Teenage mothers are less likely to graduate from high school, are more likely to live in poverty, and have children who often have health and developmental problems [3]. Understanding risk factors for teenage pregnancy is a prerequisite for reducing adolescent motherhood rates. Various social and biological factors influence the likelihood of teenage pregnancy; These include exposure to adversity in childhood and adolescence, family history of teenage pregnancy, behavioural and attention problems, family instability, and low educational attainment [4, 5]. To our knowledge, no previous study has examined the effects of an older sister`s teenage pregnancy on the likelihood of pregnancy in her younger sister`s teenage girls, comparing this effect to the direct effect of a mother giving birth to her first child before the age of 20. By controlling for a variety of social and biological factors (such as neighbourhood socioeconomic status, maternal marital status, residential mobility, changes in family structure, and mental health) and using a robust statistical design—matching the propensity score with a large population-based dataset—this study aims to determine whether teenage pregnancy is more predicted if an older sister has an older sister is pregnant in teenage girls, or by a mother who gave birth to her first child. before the age of 20. Using the concept of „bundles of norms,” the authors suggest that bundles of standards can be used as a concise measure of related norms that shape the messages young people hear.
The authors suggest that the concept of bundles of norms is relevant to the prevention of teenage pregnancy and policy development. Nevertheless, a much higher proportion of American adolescent girls become pregnant than girls in other developed countries. And the pace of decline in teenage pregnancy in the U.S. differs by race. Non-Hispanic black girls and Native American girls experienced a much slower decline in teenage pregnancies compared to Asian-American girls. Girls who become pregnant are at high risk of repeated pregnancy. The prevention of recurrent pregnancies is one of the goals of virtually all pregnancy prevention programs. A number of interventions that may be helpful in preventing recurrent pregnancies are explored in this article. Several studies on family history in the literature show that older sisters have the greatest impact on a younger sister`s chances of having a teenage pregnancy. When family socioeconomic status, maternal parenthood and sibling relationships are taken into account, adolescents whose older sister gave birth in adolescence are 4.8 times more likely to have given birth themselves in adolescence; This probability increased to 5.1 if both the older sister and mother gave birth in adolescence [11].
Four older studies have estimated that the rate of teenage pregnancy is between 2 and 6 times higher among people with older sisters who have teenage pregnancies [41]. This work focused primarily on young black women in the United States and controlled for limited confounders (with the exception of race and age). None of the previous studies examining the effects of teenage pregnancy of an older sister took into account the birth of adolescent maternal children or factors varying over time before the age of 14. age of life (mental health, residential mobility, changes in family structure); This research probably overestimated the relationship between teenage pregnancy status of the sisters.